8

Innovative Electronic Approaches

for Biomarker Detection

Ummama Saeed and Batool Fatima

Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

Muhammad Najam-ul-Haq

Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

CONTENTS

8.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................123

8.2 Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ........................................................................124

8.3 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).......................................................125

8.4 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) ...............................................................................126

8.5 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) ........................................................127

8.6 Colorimetric Assay..........................................................................................................128

8.7 Electrochemical Assay ....................................................................................................128

8.7.1 Electromagnetic Sensors.....................................................................................130

8.7.2 Optical Sensors.....................................................................................................131

8.7.3 Acoustic Sensor....................................................................................................132

8.8 Fluorescence (FL) Methods............................................................................................132

8.9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy .................................................133

8.10 Microfluidic Devices .......................................................................................................133

8.11 High Throughput Technologies....................................................................................134

8.12 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................135

References ....................................................................................................................................135

8.1 Introduction

The term “biomarker” dates back to 1970. It is also known as “surrogate marker” and

“surrogate end point.” Biomarkers are the indicators of biological processes and represent

the alterations linked to cellular, molecular, and biochemical processes by which the

diseased conditions can be recognized or monitored. Biomarkers are also considered

signaling molecules and their levels can be quantified through biofluid analysis. Clinical

analysis of biomarkers includes their detection and quantification and can be repeatedly

analyzed in short periods. Biomarkers can be used in disease screening, diagnosis,

prognosis, prediction of adverse drug reactions, and identification of cell types.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a biomarker can be a quantifiable

DOI: 10.1201/9781003263265-8

123